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(詳細はItalian describes the sound system—the phonology and phonetics—of Standard Italian and its geographical variants. == Consonants == Notes: * Between two vowels, or between a vowel and an approximant or a liquid (), consonants can be both single or geminated. Geminated consonants shorten the preceding vowel (or block phonetic lengthening) and the first geminated element is unreleased. For example, compare ('fate') with ('fact'). However, , , , are always geminated word-internally. Similarly, nasals, liquids, and sibilants are pronounced slightly longer before medial consonant clusters. * is the only consonant that cannot be geminated. * are laminal denti-alveolar , commonly called "dental" for simplicity. * are pre-velar before .〔 * have two variants: * * Dentalized laminal alveolar 〔 (commonly called "dental" for simplicity), pronounced with the blade of the tongue very close to the upper front teeth, with the tip of the tongue resting behind lower front teeth.〔 * * Non-retracted apical alveolar .〔 The stop components of the "apical" affricates is actually laminal denti-alveolar.〔 * are apical alveolar ,〔〔 but the first two have additional allophones: laminal denti-alveolar before ,〔 palatalized laminal postalveolar before and ( only) velar before . * and don't contrast before and , where they're pronounced and , respectively.〔 * In a large number of accents, is a fricative .〔: "(...) in a large number of Italian accents, there is considerable friction involved in the pronunciation of , creating a voiced palatal lateral fricative (for which there is no established IPA symbol)."〕 * is sometimes reduced to a single vibration when single, but it remains potentially a trill, not a flap . * The distinction between and is neutralized before consonants and at the beginning of words: the former is used before voiceless consonants and before vowels at the beginning of words; the latter is used before voiced consonants (meaning is an allophone of before voiced consonants). It can only contrast between two vowels within a word. According to Canepari,〔 though, the ''traditional'' standard has been replaced by a modern ''neutral pronunciation'' which always prefers when intervocalic, except when the intervocalic ''s'' is the initial sound of a word, if the compound is still felt as such: for example, ''presento'' 〔http://www.dizionario.rai.it/poplemma.aspx?lid=30356&r=69940〕 ('I foresee', with ''pre'' meaning 'before' and ''sento'' meaning 'I see') vs ''presento'' 〔http://www.dizionario.rai.it/poplemma.aspx?lid=30351&r=13567〕 ('I present'). There are many words in which dictionaries now indicate that both pronunciations with and with are acceptable. The two phonemes have merged in many regional varieties of Italian, either into (Northern-Central) or (Southern-Central). Geminate can be pronounced as single . 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Italian phonology」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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